Abstract
The industrial revolution in 19th century was followed by increase in productivity levels and expansion of secondary sector along with growth of cities. The growth process not only alters the productivity levels, but also changes the economic relations and social structure. In the process of development a part of the society usually benefits. A part of migration stream may be formed by lower income individuals that are mostly unskilled and illiterate. These individuals mostly have individual concerns and they mostly move to the informal urban sector for earning wages. Now, due to the migration of people India has been named as a success story for globalization. The country move into the top league of high technology and India´s emerging middle-class has become a magnet to many foreign investors. This has again accelerated an already extensive rural-urban migration in the country. It is estimated that approximately 2 million people are shifting from rural to urban areas annually and approximately 22 million people have migrated from rural to urban areas since 2001. Agriculture provides the principal means of livelihood for over 52 per cent of our population which lives in the rural areas. It is reported that 57 per cent of urban migrant households migrated from rural areas whereas 29 per cent of rural migrant households migrated from urban areas. Further, approximately 55 per cent of the households in rural areas and 67 per cent of the households in the urban areas had migrated for employment related reasons. Loss of job opportunities in agriculture is primary factor of driving people away from agriculture. There is urgent need to slow the rate of migration from rural to urban areas to strengthen the agriculture. China being the most populated country in the world, with urbanization level near to 60% also have a huge amount of rural migration, this is because migrants in China are commonly members of a floating population. Now, the question that arises to us is that how do Chinese government solve the problem of housing for this migrants. If we look at facts then more than 277.5 million people in China are migrant workers as of in 2015. These migrants are employed in various sectors like in construction, manufacturing, wholesale and retail. Now so as to balance to social conflicts and social tension, gap in civilization / culture, law and order situation, residential satisfaction, friend and family influences the Chinese government have introduced a Hukou System. Hukou is a system of household registration used in mainland China. Under the hukou system implemented by the central government in 1958, while holders of the non-agricultural hukou status were given ration cards for everyday necessities, including food and textiles, rural residents were forced to produce everything themselves. Comparing this to the Indian scenario, India does not have a formal policies for controlling migration to cities as any Indian citizen, whether a rural or an urban resident is free to migrate to any part of the country as many times as she/he wants to and access subsidized urban services. When we look at the initiatives take by Indian government the first one that comes into our mind is Indira Gandhi Awaas Yojana which was launched in 1957 which a plan to develop village housing scheme. Also there were many points discussed on housing for rural migrants in every five year plan but none of them were concrete. And we can see this situation of rural migrants now also because the workers in the cities live on pavements and under flyovers, or rent squalid rooms, often with their families.
